RealCertify: a Maple package for certifying non-negativity

Let $\mathbb{Q}$ (resp. $\mathbb{R}$) be the field of rational (resp. real) numbers and $X = (X_1, \ldots, X_n)$ be variables. Deciding the non-negativity of polynomials in $\mathbb{Q}[X]$ over $\mathbb{R}^n$ or over semi-algebraic domains defined by polynomial constraints in $\mathbb{Q}[X]$ is a classical algorithmic problem for symbolic computation. The Maple package \textsc{RealCertify} tackles this decision problem by computing sum of squares certificates of non-negativity for inputs where such certificates hold over the rational numbers. It can be applied to numerous problems coming from engineering sciences, program verification and cyber-physical systems. It is based on hybrid symbolic-numeric algorithms based on semi-definite programming.Comment: 4 pages, 2 table

Strong bi-homogeneous B\'{e}zout theorem and its use in effective real algebraic geometry

Let f1, ..., fs be a polynomial family in Q[X1,..., Xn] (with s less than n) of degree bounded by D. Suppose that f1, ..., fs generates a radical ideal, and defines a smooth algebraic variety V. Consider a projection P. We prove that the degree of the critical locus of P restricted to V is bounded by D^s(D-1)^(n-s) times binomial of n and n-s. This result is obtained in two steps. First the critical points of P restricted to V are characterized as projections of the solutions of Lagrange's system for which a bi-homogeneous structure is exhibited. Secondly we prove a bi-homogeneous B\'ezout Theorem, which bounds the sum of the degrees of the equidimensional components of the radical of an ideal generated by a bi-homogeneous polynomial family. This result is improved when f1,..., fs is a regular sequence. Moreover, we use Lagrange's system to design an algorithm computing at least one point in each connected component of a smooth real algebraic set. This algorithm generalizes, to the non equidimensional case, the one of Safey El Din and Schost. The evaluation of the output size of this algorithm gives new upper bounds on the first Betti number of a smooth real algebraic set. Finally, we estimate its arithmetic complexity and prove that in the worst cases it is polynomial in n, s, D^s(D-1)^(n-s) and the binomial of n and n-s, and the complexity of evaluation of f1,..., fs

Computing the dimension of real algebraic sets

Let $V$ be the set of real common solutions to $F = (f_1, \ldots, f_s)$ in $\mathbb{R}[x_1, \ldots, x_n]$ and $D$ be the maximum total degree of the $f_i$'s. We design an algorithm which on input $F$ computes the dimension of $V$. Letting $L$ be the evaluation complexity of $F$ and $s=1$, it runs using $O^\sim \big (L D^{n(d+3)+1}\big )$ arithmetic operations in $\mathbb{Q}$ and at most $D^{n(d+1)}$ isolations of real roots of polynomials of degree at most $D^n$. Our algorithm depends on the real geometry of $V$; its practical behavior is more governed by the number of topology changes in the fibers of some well-chosen maps. Hence, the above worst-case bounds are rarely reached in practice, the factor $D^{nd}$ being in general much lower on practical examples. We report on an implementation showing its ability to solve problems which were out of reach of the state-of-the-art implementations.Comment: v2: title chang

Computing roadmaps in smooth real algebraic sets

International audienceLet (f1, . . . , fs) be polynomials in Q[X 1 , . . . , Xn ] of degree bounded by D that generate a radical equidimensional ideal of dimension d and let V ⊂ C^n be the locus of their complex zero set which is supposed to be smooth. A roadmap in V ∩ R^n is a real algebraic curve contained in V ∩ Rn which has a non-empty and connected intersection with each connected component of V ∩ R^n . The classical strategy to compute roadmaps is due to J. Canny and leads to algorithms having a complexity within D^O(n^2) arithmetic operations in Q. This strategy is based on computing a polar variety of dimension 1 and a recursion on the studied variety intersected with fibers taken above a critical value of a projection. Thus, it requires computations with real algebraic numbers and introduces singularities at each recursive call. Thus, no efficient implementation of roadmap algorithms have been obtained until now. Our aim is to provide an efficient implementation of the roadmap algorithm. We show how to slightly modify this strategy in order to avoid the use of real algebraic numbers and to deal with smooth algebraic sets at each recursive call in the case where the input variety is smooth. Our complexity is h^d D^O(n) operations in Q where h bounds the number of recursive call in our algorithm. This quantity is related to the geometry of V ∩ R^n and is bounded by D^O(n), thus in worst cases our algorithm has a complexity within D^O(n^2) arithmetic operations. We report on some experiments done with a preliminary implementation of our algorithm

Testing Sign Conditions on a Multivariate Polynomial and Applications

Let $f$ be a polynomial in \Q[X_1, \ldots, X_n] of degree $D$. We focus on testing the emptiness and computing at least one point in each connected component of the semi-algebraic set defined by $f>0$ (or $f<0$ or $f\neq 0$). To this end, the problem is reduced to computing at least one point in each connected component of a hypersurface defined by $f-e=0$ for e\in \Q {\em positive and small enough}. We provide an algorithm allowing us to determine a positive rational number $e$ which is small enough in this sense. This is based on the efficient computation of the set of {\em generalized critical values} of the mapping f: y\in \C^n \rightarrow f(y)\in \C which is the union of the classical set $K_0(f)$ of critical values of the mapping $f$ and $K_\infty(f)$ of {\em asymptotic critical values} of the mapping $f$. Then, we show how to use the computation of generalized critical values in order to obtain an efficient algorithm deciding the emptiness of a semi-algebraic set defined by a single inequality or a single inequation. At last, we show how to apply our contribution to determining if a hypersurface contains real regular points. We provide complexity estimates for probabilistic versions of the latter algorithms which are within $\mathcal{O}(n^7D^{4n})$ arithmetic operations in \Q. The paper ends with practical experiments showing the efficiency of our approach